Assessment of adherence to preventive treatment of plaque-induced oral diseases using sugar-free gums: a controlled clinical trial / Evaluación de la adhesión al tratamiento preventivo de enfermedades bucales inducidas por placa bacteriana mediante el uso de gomas de mascar sin azúcar: ensayo clínico controlado

Abstract Introduction: the aim of this study was to assess the adherence to a preventive treatment of plaque-induced oral diseases using two sugar-free gums, establishing their effect on cariogenic bacteria counts as a biological marker of treatment response. Methods: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled intervention study was conducted in 96 young adult university students in an experimental period of 30 days. Participants were distributed into two groups and given a chewing gum with either pentitol or hexitol + CPP-ACP complex to be taken three times a day for 20 minutes after conventional oral hygiene. Saliva samples were collected at baseline to evaluate counts of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. A survey was conducted at the end of the experimental period to assess the levels of adherence to treatment, remeasuring bacterial counts. Results: SM counts showed statistically significant differences between the study groups at the end of the experimental period, with a decreasing tendency in both groups. Intragroup difference was observed in patients who took pentitol gum with a marked reduction in SM counts. Conclusion: the final estimate of adherence to treatment showed that the type of chewing gum patients were given had no influence and therefore such gums can be used, considering the therapeutic agents that most contribute to patient's particular case and preferences.

Resumen Introducción: el objetivo consistió en evaluar la adherencia a un tratamiento preventivo de enfermedades bucales inducidas por placa bacteriana, utilizando dos gomas de mascar sin azúcar y establecer su efecto sobre recuentos de bacterias cariogénicas como indicador biológico de los efectos del tratamiento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención, doble ciego, de grupos paralelos, aleatorizado controlado, en 96 adultos jóvenes universitarios, en un período experimental de 30 días. Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos con asignación de una goma de mascar con pentitol o con hexitol + complejo CPP-ACP que debían ser consumidas 20 minutos/tres veces al día después de la higiene oral convencional. Al inicio del studio fueron recolectadas muestras de saliva para evaluar recuentos de Estreptococos del grupo mutans (SM) y Lactobacillus spp. Al finalizar el período experimental, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar los niveles deadherencia al tratamiento y los recuentos bacterianos fueron medidos nuevamente. Resultados: Los recuentos de SM mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de estudio al final del período experimental, con tendencia hacia la disminución en ambos grupos. Se observó diferencia intragrupo en los pacientes que consumieron la goma de mascar con pentitol, con marcada reducción de los recuentos de SM. Conclusión: la estimación final de la adherencia al tratamiento mostró que el tipo de goma de mascar asignada al paciente no tuvo influencia y, por lo tanto, estas pueden ser utilizadas teniendo en cuenta los agentes terapéuticos que más aporten al caso particular del paciente y las preferencias del mismo.

Evidence-based pediatric dental practice within the clinician's reach: the case of the esthetic effect of topical silver diamine fluoride for caries control in primary dentition / Prática odontopediátrica baseada em evidência científica ao alcance do clínico: o caso do efeito estético do uso tópico de diaminofluoreto de prata para o controle da cárie na dentição decídua

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this paper was to demonstrate how a general dental practitioner tried to answer, based on scientific evidence, to the question: "Does the darkening of caries lesions caused by silver diamine fluoride treatment contribute to reducing parents' acceptance of such treatment?". Methods: The dentist adopted the following approach: formulation of a specific question; bibliographic search using controlled vocabulary and free terms; selection of full-text articles for reading; reading and critical appraisal of selected articles; summary of the available evidence; translation of the evidence into clinical practice. The dentist identified 45 studies and selected 20 to be read in full, but only three could be used; two controlled trials from China and one from Brazil. Results: Results showed that the esthetic effect was neither a major issue nor a decisive factor for the indication of the proposed treatment. However, although there is robust scientific evidence on the effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride in arresting and preventing caries lesions, there is scarce information about its esthetic effect. Thus, the lack of studies assessing the impact of the darkening of caries lesions and the esthetic effect of the treatment on the quality of life of children and their parents must be emphasized. Conclusion: The dentist concluded that there is insufficient evidence about the esthetic effect of silver diamine fluoride applications on primary teeth and opted to inform it to his/her patients' caregivers and to share with them the decision whether to use it or not in each specific case.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mostrar como um cirurgião-dentista clínico geral procurou responder, com base em evidência científica, à pergunta: "O escurecimento das lesões de cárie em dentes decíduos tratados com diaminofluoreto de prata contribui para a redução da aceitação desse tipo de tratamento pelos pais?". Métodos: O dentista seguiu o seguinte roteiro: formulação de uma pergunta específica; realização da busca bibliográfica utilizando descritores e termos livres; seleção dos artigos científicos completos para leitura; leitura e avaliação crítica dos artigos selecionados; resumo da evidência disponível e aplicação da evidência à sua prática clínica. O dentista localizou 45 trabalhos e selecionou 20 para leitura na íntegra, mas apenas três puderam ser utilizados, sendo dois ensaios controlados realizados na China e um no Brasil. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a estética não foi uma questão importante nem um fator decisivo para a indicação do tratamento proposto. No entanto, embora haja evidência científica robusta sobre a efetividade do diaminofluoreto de prata em paralisar e prevenir lesões de cárie, há pouca informação sobre seu efeito estético. Assim, a falta de estudos que avaliam o impacto do escurecimento das lesões de cárie e o efeito estético do tratamento sobre a qualidade de vida das crianças e seus familiares deve ser ressaltada. Conclusão: O dentista concluiu que não existe evidência suficiente sobre o efeito estético das aplicações de diaminofluoreto de prata em dentes decíduos e optou por informar os responsáveis por seus pacientes a respeito e compartilhar com eles a decisão sobre a indicação do mesmo para cada caso específico.

Evaluación de fluoruro residual en saliva después de la aplicación de barnices fluorados al 2.26 por ciento: estudio comparativo / An evaluation of the residual fluoride in saliva after applying 2.26 per cent fluoride varnishes: a comparative study

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la cantidad de fluoruro (F) residual en saliva después de la aplicación de barniz de fluoruro desodio al 5 por ciento y de barniz fluorado con fosfato tricálcico al 5 por ciento en niños de 2 a 5 años de edad. Se recolectó la saliva no estimulada de 24 niños que tenían acceso a sal fluorada diariamente y utilizaban dentífricos infantiles conteniendo 550 ppm F. La primera toma de muestrasalival fue colectada como basal y las siguientes fueron tomadas en diferentes intervalos de tiempo luego de realizar la aplicación del barnizfluorado (15; 30; 60 minutos y 24; 48; 72; 96; 168 horas). Un total de 216 muestras fueron obtenidas, siendo 96 muestras de barniz de Duraphat®, 96 muestras de barniz de ClinproTM WV y 24 muestras muestras basales. Los análisis de laboratorio fueron realizadosen el departamento de Bioquímica de la Facultad de Odontología de Baurú (FOB), Universidad de Sao Paulo. Un electrodo Orión 9409 y un microelectrodo acoplados a un potenciómetro Orion EA 940 se utilizaron para analizar las muestras previa difusión de las muestrascon el método de Taves. La concentración de iones de flúor mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos productos desde las 24 horas (p<0.001), esta característica se repite a las 48 (p=0.003); 96 (p<0.001) y 168 horas (p<0.001). Se utilizó el análisisestadístico de Shapiro Wilks y T de Student. Ambos barnices mostraron un incremento de fluoruro residual en saliva durante los 15; 30 y 60 minutos, sin embargo, posteriormente a estos tiempos, ambos muestran niveles no significativamente diferentes al basal.

The aim of this study was compared the amount of residual fluoride after application of sodium fluoride varnish 5% and application offluoride varnish with phosphate tricalcium 5% in children from 2 to 5 years old. Unstimulated saliva was collected of 24 children who hadaccess to fluoridate salt daily and used children´s tooth pastes containing 550ppm F. The first salivary sample was collected as a base lineand the following were taken at different intervals after making the application of fluoride varnish (15; 30; 60 minutes; 24; 48; 72; 96;168 hours).Children were grouped in two groups according of type of varnish containing fluoride going to be applied. A total of 216samples were obtained, 96 samples from Duraphat® and 96 samples from ClinproTM WV 3M ESPE. The lab analyzes wereconducted in the Department of Biochemistry at the Faculty of Dentistry, Bauru (FOB), University of Sao Paulo. An Orion 9409electrode and a microelectrode coupled to a potentiometer Orion EA 940 analyzed the samples prior dissemination of samples with themethod of work. The fluoride concentration was statistically significant after 24 (p<0.001); 48 (p=0.003); 96 (p<0.001) y 168 hours(p<0.001) for both products. We used Shapiro Wilks and T student test for statistical analysis. Both products showed an increased inresidual fluoride in saliva during the 15; 30 and 60 minutes, however, both showed not differences that baseline levels.

A Aplicabilidade do Diaminofluoreto de Prata em Crianças de 4 a 10 anos de Idade na Clínica de Odontopediatria da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brasil / The Applicability of the Silver Diamine Fluoride in Children from 4 to 10 Years Old in the Odontopediatrics Clinic in the Federal University of the Espírito Santo, Brazil

As manifestações da doença cárie é uma condição crítica em crianças, sendo preconizada para a prevenção e o tratamento a utilização decompostos fluoretados. Neste contexto, o Diaminofluoreto de Prata (DFP) é um composto que se destaca por suas propriedades preventivas eanti-cariogênicas e por sua ação bacteriostática, remineralizante e dessensibilizante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar: a utilização do DFPatravés da sua ação cariostática na paralização e remineralização da lesão cariosa; a aceitação dos pais ao tratamento proposto; bem comoa verificação da sua aplicabilidade, na percepção dos alunos de graduação. Para este fim foi aplicado o Cariestop® 12% (Maquira) em 14crianças, com idades de 4 a 10 anos, com lesões cariosas em esmalte de molares decíduos, a cada semana, durante três semanas consecutivas.Foram utilizados dois questionários, um aos responsáveis e outro aos alunos de odontologia, para verificação da aceitação e aplicabilidadedo DFP. Observou-se paralização e remineralização da lesão cariosa em todos os elementos aplicados e aceitação inicial dos pais de 89% aotratamento; 64,3% dos pais perceberam mudança de cor nos elementos, e 100% acreditaram que essa mudança não irá interferir negativamentena estética da criança. Todos os alunos que participaram da pesquisa consideraram a técnica de fácil aplicabilidade e 63,9% determinaram serbom o comportamento da criança durante a aplicação. Conclui-se que a aplicação do DFP apresentou-se clinicamente efetiva na paralisação eremineralização das lesões cariosas em esmalte, tendo uma boa aceitação e podendo ser utilizada como um recurso de mínima intervenção emodontopediatria

The manifestations of dental caries is still a critical condition in children, and it was prescribed for the prevention and treatment the usageof fluoride compounds. In this context, the silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a compound that stands out for its preventive properties andanti-cariogenic and its bactericidal, bacteriostatic, remineralizing and desensitizing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of SDFthrough their cariostatic effect on paralysis and remineralization of caries lesions; acceptance of parents to the proposed treatment, as wellas verification of its applicability, as perceived by students in clinical dentistry. To this purpose we applied the Cariestop ® 12% (Maquira)in 14 children aged from 4 to10 years old with carious lesions in enamel of deciduous molars. The application was given every week for threeconsecutive weeks. Two questionnaires were used, one for the parents and the other for students of dentistry, for verification of the acceptanceand applicability of SDF. It was observed paralysis and remineralization of caries lesions in all elements applied and initial acceptance ofthe parents of 89% of the treatment, whereas 64.3% of parents perceived color change in the elements, and 100% believed that this changedoes not will negatively affect the aesthetics of the child. All students who participated in the survey considered the technique easy to applyand 63.9% determined that child behavior during application was good. Concluding that the application of SDF in children were clinicallyeffective in paralysis and remineralization of carious lesions in enamel, having wide acceptance and can be used as a resource of minimalintervention dentistry.

Patrón de liberación de flúor in vitro en sellantes fluorados de resina / In vitro fluoride-release profile of fluoridated resin-based sealants

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la cantidad de fluoruros liberados por los principales sellantes de puntos y fisuras basados en resina comercialmente disponibles en Latinoamérica. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó la liberación de fluoruros in vitro en tres sellantes fluorados de puntos y fisuras: Helioseal F (HF), Fissurit F (FF), Clinpro (CF) y Delton (D), sin flúor como control. Se utilizaron 28 discos de 12 mm de diámetro y 2 mm de espesor (n=7 por grupo). Las muestras fueron almacenadas en 5 ml de agua ultra de-ionizada con pH neutro a 37º C por 93 días. La liberación de fluoruros fue medida mediante un electrodo iónico selectivo a los 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28 y 93 días. Los datos fueron analizados con el test ANOVA y Tukey (p<0.05). Resultados: El patrón de liberación de flúor fue similar para los tres sellantes fluorados: una alta liberación durante las primeras 24 horas, que disminuyó bruscamente hacia el segundo día. Luego continuó con una disminución progresiva hasta el día 93. El primer día, FF liberó significativamente más fluoruros que HF. Entre los días 2 y 15 FF y HF liberaron significativamente más fluoruros que CF. Desde el día 28 en adelante, las diferencias de liberación de flúor no fueron significativas. Conclusión: El patrón de liberación de flúor in vitro es similar para los sellantes fluorados, con una elevada liberación durante los primeros dos días y luego, una marcada disminución en todos ellos. Este resultado podría explicar la falta de diferencias en la tasa de caries en pacientes tratados con sellantes de resina fluorados y no-fluorados observada en estudios clínicos.

Aim: To compare in vitro the amount of fluoride released from the main pit and fissure sealant resin-based on commercially available in Latin America. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight samples of 12 x 2 mm were made from three commercial fluoridated resin-based sealants: Helioseal F (HF), Fissurit F (FF), Clinpro (CF) and without fluoride Delton (D), as a control. Samples were stored in 5 ml of deionized water at 37° C and neutral pH. Fluoride releases were measured at 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28 and 93 days with an ion-selective electrode. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and one-way and Tukey (p<0.05). Results: Fluoride-release profiles were similar for the three fluoridated sealants: a high release rates during the first 24 hrs and then a drastic drop. Afterward, they continued with a progressive decrease until day 93. The first day, FF release significantly more fluoride than HF. Between days 2 and 15, CF release significantly less fluoride than FF and HF, and later, there was no significant differences between sealants (p>0.05). Conclusion: The fluoride-release profile is similar for the fluoridated resin-based sealants under study: a high release during the first two days and afterwards, a very slow release. These results can explain the lack of differences in caries rate between fluoridated and non-fluoridated resin-based sealants observed in clinical trials.